Bertrand Russell:
The wars and later life
During the First World War, Russell was one of the very few people to engage in active pacifist activities, and in 1916, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act.
He was charged a fine of £100, which he refused to pay, hoping that
he would be sent to prison, However, his books were sold at auction to
raise the money. The books were bought by friends; he later treasured
his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped "Confiscated by
Cambridge Police."
Russell was released from prison in September 1918. He was reinstated in 1919, resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer 1926, and became a Fellow again 1944–1949.
A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the US to
enter the war on Britain's side resulted in six months' imprisonment in Brixton prison.
"To fear love is to fear life, and those who fear life are already three parts dead."
In August 1920 Russell travelled to Russia as part of an official
delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of
the Russian Revolution. He met Vladimir Lenin
and had an hour-long conversation with him. In his autobiography, he
mentions that he found Lenin rather disappointing, sensing an "impish
cruelty" in him and comparing him to "an opinionated professor". He
cruised down the Volga on a steamship. Russell's lover, Dora Black,
visited Russia independently at the same time—she was enthusiastic
about the revolution, but Russell's experiences destroyed his previous
tentative support for it. He wrote a book The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism
about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others
from Britain, all of whom came home thinking well of the regime, despite
Russell's attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them
that he heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure these
were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only
cars backfiring.
Russell subsequently lectured in Beijing on philosophy for one year, accompanied by Dora. He went there with optimism and hope, as China was then on a new path. Other scholars present in China at the time included Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel laureate Indian poet. While in China, Russell became gravely ill with pneumonia, and incorrect reports of his death were published in the Japanese press.
When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora notified
the world that "Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the
Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists."
The press, not appreciating the sarcasm, were not amused.
Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on
26 August 1921. Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying
Dora six days after the divorce was finalized, on 27 September 1921.
Their children were John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell, born on 16 November 1921, and Katharine Jane Russell
(now Lady Katharine Tait), born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported
himself during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics, ethics, and education to the layman. Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Vivienne Haigh-Wood, first wife of T. S. Eliot.
Together with Dora, he founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in
1927. The school was run from a succession of different locations,
including its original premises at the Russells' residence, Telegraph
House, near Harting, West Sussex.
On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child, a daughter, Harriet
Ruth. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.
Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became
the 3rd Earl Russell. He once said that his title was primarily useful
for securing hotel rooms. Russell's marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a
breaking point over her having two children with an American
journalist, Griffin Barry. They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia ("Peter") Spence, who had been his children's governess since 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democratic party.
"If one lived for ever the joys of life would inevitably in the end lose their savour. As it is, they remain perennially fresh."
During the 1930s, Russell became a close friend and collaborator of V.K. Krishna Menon, then secretary of the India League, the foremost lobby for Indian independence in Great Britain.
Russell opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany, but in 1940 changed his view that avoiding a full scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler.
He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a
permanent threat to democracy. In 1943, he adopted a stance toward
large-scale warfare, "Relative Political Pacifism": war was always a
great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be
the lesser of two evils.
Before the Second World War, Russell taught at the University of Chicago, later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the UCLA Department of Philosophy. He was appointed professor at the City College of New York
in 1940, but after a public outcry, the appointment was annulled by a
court judgement: his opinions (especially those relating to sexual morality, detailed in Marriage and Morals
ten years earlier) made him "morally unfit" to teach at the college.
The protest was started by the mother of a student who would not have
been eligible for his graduate-level course in mathematical logic. Many
intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested against his treatment. Albert Einstein's
often-quoted aphorism that "Great spirits have always encountered
violent opposition from mediocre minds ... " originated in his open
letter in support of Russell, during this time. Dewey and Horace M. Kallen edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in The Bertrand Russell Case. He soon joined the Barnes Foundation, lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy; these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy. His relationship with the eccentric Albert C. Barnes soon soured, and he returned to Britain in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College.
During the 1940s and 1950s, Russell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC, particularly The Brains Trust and the Third Programme,
on various topical and philosophical subjects. By this time Russell was
world famous outside of academic circles, frequently the subject or
author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer
opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to
one of his lectures in Trondheim, Russell was one of 24 survivors (among a total of 43 passengers) in an aeroplane crash in Hommelvik in October 1948. He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane. A History of Western Philosophy (1945) became a best-seller, and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life.
"Every man would like to be God, if it were possible; some few find it difficult to admit the impossibility."
In a speech in 1948,
Russell said that if the USSR's aggression continued, it would be
morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than
before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's
victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there
were atom bombs on both sides. At that time, only the United States
possessed an atomic bomb, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely
aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which it was absorbing into its sphere of influence. Many understood Russell's comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR, including Nigel Lawson,
who was present when Russell spoke. Others, including Griffin, who
obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely
explaining the usefulness of America's atomic arsenal in deterring the
USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.
In 1948, Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural Reith Lectures what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC. His series of six broadcasts, titled Authority and the Individual,
explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the
development of a community and the role of state control in a
progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He
wrote a foreword to Words and Things by Ernest Gellner, which was highly critical of the later thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and of Ordinary language philosophy. Gilbert Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind, which caused Russell to respond via The Times. The result was a month-long correspondence in The Times
between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy,
which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of
both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language
philosophy.
In the King's Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit, and the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. When he was given the Order of Merit, King George VI
was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird,
saying that "You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if
generally adopted." Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply "That's right, just like your brother" immediately came to mind.
In 1952 Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very
unhappy. Conrad, Russell's son by Spence, did not see his father between
the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet
his father caused a permanent breach with his mother).
"In democratic countries, the most important private organizations are
economic. Unlike secret societies, they are able to exercize their
terrorism without illegality, since they do not threaten to kill their
enemies, but only to starve them."
Russell married his fourth wife, Edith Finch,
soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other
since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near
Philadelphia, sharing a house for 20 years with Russell's old friend
Lucy Donnelly. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all
accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russell's
eldest son, John, suffered from serious mental illness,
which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and John's
mother, Russell's former wife, Dora. John's wife Susan was also mentally
ill, and eventually Russell and Edith became the legal guardians of
their three daughters (two of whom were later found to have schizophrenia).
In 1962 Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless. Russell also wrote to President Kennedy, who returned his telegram unopened.
According to historian Peter Knight, after the John F. Kennedy assassination, Russell, "prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US ... rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee in June 1964, members of which included Michael Foot MP, the wife of Tony Benn MP, the publisher Victor Gollancz, the writers John Arden and J. B. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper. Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Warren Commission Report was published, setting forth 16 Questions on the Assassination and equating the Oswald case with the Dreyfus affair
of late 19th century France, in which the state wrongly convicted an
innocent man. Russell also criticized the American press for failing to
heed any voices critical of the official version.
I didn't know Einstein's "great spirits" quote was inspired by R.
ReplyDeleteAmazing man.
Glad you found Logicomix.