In my first installment,
I focused on Alan Turing’s life and how much of an impact that the Turing Test has
created over the last several decades. To
summarize the Turing Test: if a machine can fool a judge into thinking that it’s
a human, it is “intelligent” by Turing’s logic.
However, is that necessarily the case?
Though computers have come a long way since Turing’s time, could a
machine ever be as intelligent as a human?
This has been a subject of the debate in both computer science and
philosophy ever since Turing shared his theory.
In 1980, a philosopher from Berkeley, John Searle, argued
that computers could never actually understand the questions that they were
asked, but could easily answer them.
Searle’s argument, better known as the Chinese Room, has become just as
famous as the Turing Test. The Chinese
Room thought experiment is as simple as the Turing Test: imagine you are in a
room with nothing but a large assortment of manuals with matching symbols and a
small opening in the wall. Every so often,
somebody would slide a piece of paper with a symbol on it through the opening
in the wall. You take the piece of
paper, find the matching symbols in one of the manuals, copy it down, and slide
it through the opening. Now, imagine
that the symbols aren’t just symbols, but in fact Chinese characters; to the
people on the outside, you’ve been answering questions in Chinese, but you
(probably) don’t understand anything that they’ve been asking you. To Searle, this is exactly what a program
trying to pass the Turing Test would do.
According to him, this proves that machines can never be intelligent.
There are many critics to Searle’s Chinese Room
argument. Though most people agree that
the Turing Test isn’t enough to show that a computer is intelligent, many
believe that he is mistaken in thinking that this proves that machines can
never show understanding. For example,
what if sensors (microphones, cameras) were added to a robotic body and it was
allowed to learn by association, just like humans do? This is referred to as a Total Turing Test,
where if a robot could gain understanding through a similar environment as a
human could, then it’s seen as intelligent.
In the end, intelligence is a very difficult concept to
be able to identify. Humans are
intelligent by nature, but labeling a man-made object such as a machine is not
as simple as it seems. Alan Turing first
brought up the issue of artificial intelligence with the Turing Test, and with
it brought an entire new conversation (or argument) into the world. Years later, many critics emerged, including
John Searle, whose Chinese Room argument is as well-known as the Turing Test
itself. I think that it won’t be easy
(or possible) to satisfy everyone’s requirements for a high state of artificial
intelligence, but it will come eventually. I've included an article about two Facebook chatbots who were shut off after creating their own "language" that humans couldn't understand. I've also included an open letter on A.I. signed by many experts on technology on the dangers of Artificial Intelligence.
Sources:
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