Study Guide for Exam 2

I've filled the answers to the best of my ability, but please post answers to the ones that are blank.

Quiz 1 (3/4)

·       How does Spinoza differ from Descartes on the question of "substance"?

o   Spinoza says there is only one substance, and that is God. Descartes believes in two kinds of substance, thinking and extended.

·       Spinoza rejects free will, but still thinks we can be free "in proportion as" what?

o   Infinity

·       How does Spinoza differ from the Stoics?

o   He does not object to all emotion, just “passions”

·       What can Russell not accept in Spinoza's view of misfortune?

o   The idea that events become different by absorption in a whole.

·       Who caricatured Leibniz as Doctor Pangloss?

o    

·       How does Leibniz differ from Descartes and Spinoza on the question of "substance"?

o    

·       How might a Manichaean retort to Leibniz?

o    

·       What kinds of walks are "essential to alternate"?

o   Urban and country walks

·       What kind of mind achieves the greatest discoveries and joys on a stroll?

o   Child-like/Innocent

Quiz 2 (12/13)

·       What two kinds of perceptions did Hume distinguish?

o   Impressions and Ideas

·       What is the importance for metaphysics, theology, and knowledge of Hume's discussion of the Self?

o   Gets rid of the last surviving use of substance. Abolishes all supposed knowledge of the soul. Category of subject/object is not fundamental.

·       What does Hume say it means for something to cause something else?

o   2 objects are constantly conjoined.

·       What was the subject of Rousseau's prize-winning essay?

o   Have arts and sciences contributed to purify morals

·       How does Rousseau describe the human condition in the opening of his Social Contract?

o   Man is born free

·       What does Rousseau say should happen to those who disobey the "general will"?

o   Shall be forced to obey

·       What is distinctive about walking at age 16 or 20?

o   Only desire was to reach the end of the journey

·       What was Rousseau trying to identify in himself, in his long walks?

o   The natural man

·       Walking is reconciling yourself to what?

o   Your finiteness

Quiz 3 (17/18)

·       What did Kant do every day with such predictable regularity that his neighbors were said to have set their watches by it?

o   His constitutional

·       What are space and time, for Kant, if not concepts?

o   Subjection; supplies the concepts of how we understand experience

·       What famous phrase did Kant introduce in his Metaphysic of Morals to distinguish his view from utilitarianism?

o   “A completely isolate metaphysic of morals, which is not mixed with any theology or physics or hyperphysics.”

·       Who was the Galileo and Newton of the 19th century?

o   Darwin

·       What did Hegel consider unreal or illusory?

o   Separateness

·       What does Russell say freedom meant for Hegel?

o   The right to obey the law

·       What concerns did Kant share with Nietzsche?

o   The importance of a walk, and what he should eat

·       What impresses Gros about Kant?

o   Iron discipline

Quiz 4 (19/20)

·       To whom does Schopenhauer most appeal?

o   Artistic and literary people in search of a believable philosophy (young romantics)

·       What did Schopenhauer do for two hours every day?

o   Walked his dog

·       What did Schopenhauer consider the "thing-in-itself"?

o   The will

·       With what did Nietzsche accuse Socrates of corrupting the youth of Athens?

o   Democratic moral bias (democracy)

·       What view of J.S. Mill's did Nietzsche consider "vulgar"?

o   If things are good for anyone, it’s good for everyone

·       What human possibility does Russell say did not occur to Nietzsche?

o   A person should generally feel universal love

·       How was walking different for Nietzsche than for Kant?

o   N- not a distraction from work, but a necessity for work

·       Who wrote the first philosophic treatise on walking?

o   Thoreau

·       Why does Gros say you should you replace reading the news with a walk?

o   Rather than focusing on change, walking focuses on the new

Quiz 5 (24/25)

·       How did Bentham define good and bad?

o   Good is pleasure/happiness and bad is plain (to assign numbers)

·       What fallacious argument does Russell attribute to John Stuart Mill?

o   “Pleasure is the only thing desired, therefore it is the only thing desirable”

·       How does Nietzsche's ethic differ from utilitarianism?

o   Holds that only a minority of the population are ethical (few over many)

·       What was Hegel's influence on Marx, and how did Marx totally disagree with Hegel?

o   Marx- believed in evolution of species and society, disagreed in driving force- matter not spirit, dialectical materialist

·       What did Marx say is philosophy's real task?

o   Alter the world

·       What does walking sometimes let you feel, momentarily?

o   The elemental- the primary and primitive layer

Quiz 6 (26/27)

·       Russell credits James's book on what subject with "the highest possible excellence"?

·       Russell says James persuaded him of the truth of what doctrine?

·       What is the function of philosophy, according to James?

·       In what area does Russell say Dewey's influence was profound?

·       Whose philosophy influenced Dewey in his youth, and how did he move away from it?

·       What was Peirce's definition of truth? What concept did Dewey substitute for truth?

·       What did Montaigne say the mind needs for stimulation?

·       What is a lung-gom-pa?