Study Guide- Section 4

Exam Questions:

1) What did William James tell his audience was the most interesting thing about each of them?
2) Why did James consider his lecture audacious?
3) What examples of philosophical controversies does James mention to illustrate his claim that we're all vitally interested in philosophy?
4) What is the role of temperament in philosophy according to James?
5)What does James say about "tender-foot Bostonians" and "Rocky Mountain toughs"?
6)Does James favor "refinement" in philosophy?
7)What was the name of Aristotle's school?
8) Did peripatetic philosophy entirely cease with the destruction of Athens in 267 A.D.?
9) Who are John Man and Robert MacFarlane?
10) Who started "This I Believe", and who brought it back?
11) What does TIB invite citizens to do?
12) What does Jay Allison say our time has in commonwith the 50's?
13) (T/F) For Socrates, a conversation that ended in everyone realizing how little they knew was a failure
14) (T/F) For Socrates, wisdom consists of knowing lots of facts
15) Plato's parable of the cave was intended to illustrate the distinction between appearance and reality, and to introduce his Theory of _______.
16) Was Plato's utopia democratic by modern standards?
17) What were Meletus's charge against Socrates?
18) Why did Socrates question everything?
19) Who said "You do not understand even life, how can you understand death?"
20) What does "Tao" mean?
21) Which "ism" says "soul is like a drop of water in a stream?
22) What is the first "noble truth" of Buddhism?
23) What leads to the end of suffering in Buddhism?
24) Nishida Kitaro insisted on the philosophical starting point of experience, a priority shared with American philosopher _____
25) Complete the statement, identify the source, and explain the meaning of "One swallow..."
26) What was Aristotle's word for happiness, success, or flourishing?
27) Did Aristotle think we could learn to live a good life? Did he think it virtuous for individuals to focus exclusively on the pursuit of their own self-interest?
28) In the Raphael painting School of Athens, what does Aristotle's body language imply about his philosophy (and Plato's)?
29) What did Aristotle think we could do to increase our chance of flourishing or succeeding as human beings?
30) What reliance, ironically invoked by some Aristotelian scholars after his death, is contrary to the spirit of philosophy?
31) (T/F) Extreme Sceptics like Pyrrho thought it best to avoid holding firm opinion son anything
32) The point of modern Skepticism (unlike Pyrrho's extreme version) is to get closer to what?
33) (T/F) Epicurus said it's reasonable to fear death
34) (T/F) "Epicurun" originally meant someone who indulges in luxury and sensual pleasure
35) What 20th century philosopher had a view of death similar to Epicurus?
36) Epicurus's attitude will be unlikely to work for you if you believe what?
37) Which Stoic started out as a slave, and inspired a future American fighter pilot?
38) Which Stoic, a lawyer, politician, and noted orator as well as philosopher, said experience, friendship, and conversation offset some of the problems associated with growing old?
39) Which Stoic said out problem is not how short life is, but how badly most of us use the time we do have (and then ironically had his own life shortened at Nero's command)?
40) Like the ancient skeptics, Stoics aim for what?
41) One benefit of living well is that you don't have to fear what ( besides death) when you're old?
42) One potential problem with Stoic indifference to events beyond our control is that we risk becoming what?
43) (T/F) Augustine was a chaste and pious youth, converting to Christianity while still a boy
44) Augustine's early "Manicheaean" solution to the problem of suffering was to claim what about God?
45) Augustine's later solutions were the Free Will Defense and what?
46) Like Maimonides and Avicenna, Augustine represents what tendency of medieval thinkers between the 5th and 15th century?
47) What's the difference between "natural" and "moral" evil?
48) Augustine thought that if God had programmed humans always to be good, we'd be like what?
49)Who consoles Boethius in his prison cell but also reprimands him for having forgotten her?
50) What paradox puzzles and perplexes Boethius?
51) Why does Philosophy say divine foreknowledge does not rob us of free will?
52) Why did Anselm conclude that God must exist?
53) Why did Aquinas think there couldn't be an infinite regress of causes?
54) Is "nothing" obviously the best answer to "what caused the cosmos?"
55) Machiavelli's key idea was that a politician ("prince") needs to have what quality?
56) Does Nigel think the adjective "machiavellian" correctly implies that the politicians it describes are simply evil or self-serving?
57) What did Machiavelli think a successful ruler needs to know about human nature?
58) Life in a state of nature would be ____, poor, nasty, brutish, and ____.
59) What was Hobbes metaphorical image of the civilized state he thought people were driven by fear to perforate a state of nature?
60) Hobbes was a _______, convinced that all aspects of existence including thinking are ______ activities