Questions Group 1 Section 13

•Rousseau: Chapter 18

•Rousseau was the great Swiss thinker and writer.

•He believe true religion came from the heart and didn’t need religious

ceremonies.

•He thought that “Envy and greed were the result of living together in cities. In the

wild, individual ‘noble savages’ would be healthy, strong, and above all, free, but

civilization seemed to be corrupting human beings.”

•He believed in the idea of General Will: whatever is best for the whole

community, the whole state.

•He believed in forcing people to believe in General Will is the only way for true

freedom.

•Questions

•What did Rousseau say must happen if someone opposes the generally

accepted idea?

•Why did Rousseau believe that we “should be left to our own devices?”

•What was he trying to figure out when writing The Social Contract?

•What was the basic idea of General WIll?

•(Fill in the blank): In the beginning of his book, The Social Contract, Rousseau

declares “Man was born _____, and everywhere he is in _______. (Free, Chains)

•Hegel: Chapter 22

•Born in Stuttgart, now Germany, in 1770.

•“For Hegel, everything is in a process of change, and that change takes the form

of a gradual increase in self-awareness, our state of self-awareness being fixed

by the period in which we live.”

•“Reality is constantly moving towards its goal of understanding itself. History

isn’t in any sense random.”

•“History and philosophy were entwined for him.”

•He was an idealist- thinking that the Spirit or Mind was findamental and finds its

expression in the physical world.

•“Hegel claimed, it was only with Christianity, which triggered an awareness of

spiritual value, that genuine freedom became possible.”

•believed true freedom only arose from a properly organized society.

•Questions:

•Definitions:

•An idea ______ (thesis)

•It’s opposing idea or contradiction ________ (antithesis)

•A new idea formed from the conflict ________ (synthesis)

•What was the name of the famous book Hegel wrote?

•What religion did Hegel relate himself with?

•Who was Hegel influenced by? (Kant)

•Darwin: Chapter 25

•Darwin was a biologist and a geologist, not a philosopher

•His theory of evolution by natural selection explains how human beings and the

plants and animals around them have come to be as they are and how they are

still changing.

•As a young man, Darwin went on a five-year voyage on HMS Beagle, Visiting

South America, Africa and Australia.

•The most valuable part of his trip was in the Galapagos Islands in 1835, where

he studied a range of ‘drab-looking finches.’

•Another naturalist’s, Alfred Russel Wallace, studies urged Darwin to go public

with his findings.

•he published the book On the Origin of Species in 1859.

•Questions:

•What was the name of his first book?

•What was the most important species found in the Galapagos Islands for

Darwin’s Theory?

•What ship did Darwin travel on during his journey?